{"id":16234,"date":"2025-08-13T19:46:01","date_gmt":"2025-08-13T19:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/introlab.net\/policisticni-jajnici-pcos-policisticni-ovarijalni-sindrom\/"},"modified":"2025-08-31T15:40:27","modified_gmt":"2025-08-31T15:40:27","slug":"polycystic-ovaries-pcos-polycystic-ovary-syndrome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/polycystic-ovaries-pcos-polycystic-ovary-syndrome\/","title":{"rendered":"Polycystic ovaries \u2013 PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Polycystic ovaries are one of the most common hormonal disorders in women. Many women experience symptoms for years that affect their physical health, appearance, and emotional well-being, without realizing they stem from this syndrome. <em>Irregular menstrual cycles, skin changes, difficulties with fertility<\/em>, or sudden changes in body weight are often attributed to other causes, which can delay diagnosis. Timely recognition of symptoms and consulting a doctor allow for better management of the condition and a reduced risk of long-term health complications.<br \/>\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>What is PCOS?<\/h2>\n<p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a <em>hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age that affects ovarian function<\/em> <em>and the process of ovulation.<\/em> In this condition, there is an <strong>increased production of androgens<\/strong>, male sex hormones, which can cause a range of changes in the menstrual cycle, skin, hair, and fertility.<\/p>\n<p>The term <em>\u201cpolycystic\u201d<\/em> comes from the appearance of the ovaries, which in many women contain multiple small follicles visible on ultrasound, although their presence is not required for diagnosis. A typical ultrasound image may show a row of small follicles (\u201cstring of pearls\u201d) located just beneath the surface of the ovaries or an ovarian volume greater than <strong>10 cm\u00b3<\/strong>. In women with PCOS, <em>follicles often stop developing in the early stage of maturation<\/em> (preantral phase), which leads to the absence of ovulation and irregular menstruation.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16169\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16169\" style=\"width: 770px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16169 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-nadezhda.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the female reproductive system and polycystic ovaries\" width=\"770\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-nadezhda.jpg 770w, https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-nadezhda-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-nadezhda-768x349.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16169\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Irregular menstrual cycles are a common sign of hormonal imbalance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Causes of polycystic ovaries<\/h2>\n<p>The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is not fully understood, but research suggests it results from a combination of <em>genetic, hormonal, and metabolic factors.<\/em> In most women with PCOS, a hormonal imbalance is observed, which includes elevated levels of androgens and disturbances in insulin regulation.<\/p>\n<p>The most commonly recognized risk factors include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Genetic predisposition<\/strong> \u2013 higher likelihood of occurrence in women whose mothers or sisters have PCOS.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Insulin resistance<\/strong> \u2013 the body\u2019s reduced response to insulin, which can lead to elevated blood sugar and increased androgen production.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland<\/strong> \u2013 organs that regulate hormones involved in ovulation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Excess body weight<\/strong> \u2013 can worsen symptoms and further disrupt hormonal balance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Symptoms of PCOS<\/h2>\n<p>The symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome can vary in severity and combination for each woman. The most common include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Irregular or absent menstrual cycle<\/strong> \u2013 a result of irregular or absent ovulation.<\/li>\n<li>Excess hair growth (hirsutism) \u2013 elevated androgens can cause the growth of dark, coarse hair on the face, chest, abdomen, or back.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skin changes<\/strong> \u2013 acne and increased oiliness of the skin, especially on the face, chest, and upper back.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Difficulty conceiving<\/strong> \u2013 PCOS is a common cause of infertility in women of reproductive age.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/why-do-we-gain-weight-even-when-we-eat-very-little-possible-metabolic-causes\/\"><strong>Weight gain<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 often accompanied by problems with appetite regulation and metabolism.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Insulin resistance<\/strong> \u2013 reduced sensitivity of the body to insulin, which increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Complications of untreated PCOS<\/h2>\n<p>If polycystic ovary syndrome is not recognized and treated in time, it can lead to various health problems that develop gradually.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Infertility<\/strong> \u2013 as a result of chronic lack of ovulation.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/how-physical-activity-helps-manage-type-2-diabetes\/\"><strong>Type 2 diabetes<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 due to prolonged insulin resistance and elevated blood sugar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hypertension<\/strong> \u2013 increased risk of high blood pressure, especially in overweight women or during pregnancy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Blood lipid disorders (dyslipidemia)<\/strong> \u2013 elevated LDL and reduced HDL cholesterol, raising the risk of atherosclerosis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cardiovascular diseases<\/strong> \u2013 heart and blood vessel conditions occur more often, with a higher risk of stroke and heart attack.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sleep apnea<\/strong> \u2013 interruptions in breathing during sleep, more common in overweight women, increasing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Endometrial hyperplasia<\/strong> \u2013 thickening of the uterine lining, which can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Miscarriage and preterm birth<\/strong> \u2013 higher risk during pregnancy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mental health disorders<\/strong> \u2013 anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem occur more frequently.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16166\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16166\" style=\"width: 770px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16166 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-8.jpg\" alt=\"A mother and daughter are talking and looking at an educational poster about reproductive health.\" width=\"770\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-8.jpg 770w, https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-8-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-8-768x349.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16166\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The symptoms caused by polycystic ovaries can range from skin changes to fertility difficulties.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>PCOS diagnoses<\/h2>\n<p>PCOS is identified through several medical procedures that allow for an accurate diagnosis and a personalized approach to treatment.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gynecological examination<\/strong> \u2013 taking a medical history and performing a physical exam, including a pelvic exam to assess the condition of the ovaries and other reproductive organs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ovarian ultrasound<\/strong> \u2013 visualization of the ovaries to detect cysts or other changes; most commonly a transvaginal scan to evaluate ovarian volume and endometrial thickness.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Laboratory tests<\/strong>, which may include:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/complete-blood-count-white-blood-cell-differential\/\">complete blood count<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/womens-reproductive-panel\/\">analysis of sex hormones<\/a> (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen \u2013 LH, FSH, estradiol, prolactin),<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/ovarian-tumor-markers\/\">analysis of ovarian tumor markers<\/a> (CA125, HE4, ROMA index),<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/comprehensive-diabetes-panel\/\">blood sugar testing<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/comprehensive-thyroid-panel\/\">thyroid hormones<\/a> (TSH, T3, fT3, T4, fT4).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Endocrinologist consultation<\/strong> \u2013 evaluation of possible endocrine disorders, including insulin resistance, and further guidance for treatment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>How PCOS is treated<\/h2>\n<p>Treatment is tailored to the needs of each patient and depends on whether the goal is to regulate the cycle, relieve symptoms, plan pregnancy, or reduce metabolic risk.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lifestyle changes<\/strong> \u2013 a balanced diet with limited intake of sugar and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/refined-carbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refined carbohydrates<\/a>, regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy body weight.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Medication therapy<\/strong> \u2013 drugs to regulate menstruation, treatments to lower androgen levels in order to reduce acne and excessive hair growth, and metformin for insulin resistance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fertility support<\/strong> \u2013 ovulation stimulation for women who want to become pregnant, monitoring ovulatory cycles, and providing guidance for conception planning.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Additional therapeutic options<\/strong> \u2013 supplements such as vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and myo-inositol, as well as relaxation techniques and stress management methods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Regular checkups and therapy adjustments allow for long-term control of symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16172\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16172\" style=\"width: 770px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16172 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-9.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant woman in white.\" width=\"770\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-9.jpg 770w, https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-9-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pexels-cotton-9-768x349.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16172\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">PCOS may impact fertility, but with proper treatment many women are able to conceive successfully.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Polycystic ovaries and pregnancy<\/h2>\n<p>Polycystic ovary syndrome <strong>can make conception more difficult<\/strong>, but with proper treatment and monitoring, many women are able to become pregnant and carry a pregnancy to term successfully. Hormonal imbalance and irregular ovulation are the main reasons for reduced fertility in this condition.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ovulation difficulties<\/strong> \u2013 absence or irregularity of ovulation lowers the chances of natural conception.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Increased pregnancy risks<\/strong> \u2013 women with PCOS have a higher likelihood of developing gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and preeclampsia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fertility improvement options<\/strong> \u2013 ovulation stimulation with medication, lifestyle changes, and treatment of insulin resistance can increase the chances of pregnancy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Monitoring during pregnancy<\/strong> \u2013 regular checkups and an individualized care plan help protect the health of both mother and baby.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>With proper preparation and professional support, <strong>pregnancy in women with PCOS can progress without complications<\/strong> and result in the birth of a healthy child.<\/p>\n<h2>Outlook and next steps for PCOS<\/h2>\n<p>Polycystic ovaries don\u2019t have to define your quality of life, but they can affect how you care for your health. Knowing your body, tracking changes, and openly communicating with your doctor help you stay actively involved in your treatment. <em>Small, consistent lifestyle changes and regular health checkups can bring long-term results.<\/em> Timely and accurate diagnostics are the first step toward better symptom control \u2014 for this, <a href=\"https:\/\/staging-introlab.dev-digitaldot.com\/en\/\">IntroLab in Belgrade<\/a> can assist you, where all necessary tests for assessing hormonal status and overall health can be performed. Every woman with polycystic ovaries has her own unique journey, and with the right support and accurate information,<strong> it is possible to live a fulfilling, healthy, and high-quality life.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Polycystic ovaries are one of the most common hormonal disorders in women. Many women experience symptoms for years that affect their physical health, appearance, and emotional well-being, without realizing they stem from this syndrome. Irregular menstrual cycles, skin changes, difficulties with fertility, or sudden changes in body weight are often attributed to other causes, which [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16164,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[252,290,270,288],"class_list":["post-16234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-informativni-vodic-en","tag-trudnoca-en","tag-vodic-za-zdravlje-en","tag-zdravlje-reproduktivnog-sistema-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Polycystic ovaries \u2013 PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) | Blog | IntroLab Belgrade<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Polycystic ovaries affect women\u2019s health and quality of life. 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